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As descendants of enslaved Africans, indigenous Taínos, and white Spaniards, black and brown Puerto Rican women struggled in the racial and economic hierarchy established under 400 years of Spanish colonialism. Puerto Rican society was stratified by class, gender and skin color, with wealthy, light-skinned https://thegirlcanwrite.net/puerto-rican-women/ criollos, Spanish men born on the island, privileged over mixed and dark-skinned black and brown Puerto Ricans. Working-class socialists, though not without their own colorist and sexist https://wordpress.dev.evoliatis.fr/2023/01/31/arab-american-women-in-democracy-you-should-know-league-of-women-voters/ struggles, often organized political platforms around issues of race and gender. Women first organized and collectively fought for suffrage at the national level in July of 1848. Suffragists such as Elizabeth http://preciseintelligence.com/spain-womens-soccer-players-resign-en-masse-amid-fight-with-federation-coach/ Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott convened a meeting of over 300 people in Seneca Falls, New York. In the following decades, women marched, protested, lobbied, and even went to jail. By the 1870s, women pressured Congress to vote on an amendment that would recognize their suffrage rights.

First woman governor of Puerto Rico, elected in November 2000. First Puerto Rican woman to become news anchor in Puerto Rico. First person in the University of Puerto Rico to earn a master’s degree in the field of history. First female lawyer to work for the Department of Justice of Puerto Rico.

• Belén’s first experience of doing a documentary film was in 1992 when she was the Co-Producer and Art Director of “Rafael Hernández, Jibarito del Mundo”.
• Also, women who are of Puerto Rican heritage are considered by the Government of Puerto Rico to be “Puerto Rican Citizens”.
• The lead electrical engineer for the Space Experiment Module program at the Wallops Flight Facility located in Virginia, which is part of NASA’s Goddard Flight Facility, is Lissette Martínez an Electrical Engineer and Rocket Scientist.
• Thirteen women submitted applications, were interviewed, underwent physical examinations, and were accepted into the ANC.
• Nitza Margarita Cintron was named Chief of NASA’s Johnson Space Center Space Medicine and Health Care Systems Office in 2004.

Since 2013, Montes has been the Director-at-large at the American Chemical Society . The “Festival de Quimica” program, which she founded, was adopted by the ACS in 2010 and in 2016, the ACS festival training was launched around the world. Sylvia Rexach, dropped out of the University of Puerto Rico in 1942 and joined the United States Army as a member of the WACS where she served as an office clerk. She served until 1945, when she was honorably discharged. Rios Versace wrote and edited for various newspapers around the world, including places such as Guam, Germany, Wisconsin, and South Dakota, and publications such the Armed Forces Star & Stripes and Gannett. During World War II, Julita Ross entertained the troops with her voice in “USO shows” .

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On March 22, 1873, the Spanish National Assembly finally abolished slavery in Puerto Rico. The owners were compensated with 35 million pesetas per slave, and the former slaves were required to work for their former masters for three more years. The island, which depended on an agricultural economy, had an illiteracy rate of over 80% at the beginning of the 19th century.

In 1980, Cara played the role of Coco Hernandez in the film Fame, and recorded the film’s title song “Fame”. She received Grammy nominations for “Best New Female Artist” and “Best New Pop Artist,” as well as a Golden Globe nomination for “Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical”. Prior to her success with Fame Cara sang and co-wrote the song “Flashdance… What a Feeling” , for which she won an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. The three women were honored by the Government of the United States. Dr. Pantoja was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, an award bestowed by the President of the United States that is considered the highest civilian award in the United States. Felicitas Mendez, and her husband, Gonzalo were featured on a U.S. postage stamp. The medal recognizes individuals “who have performed exemplary deeds or services for his or her country or fellow citizens.”

Roqué and other conservative sufragistas bristled at the inclusive ideological shift. In 1924, she severed her relationship with the organization she founded and started the Asociación Puertorriqueña de Mujeres Sufragistas to continue pushing for the restricted vote. They found quick allies in the growing number of male politicians now willing to concede some women’s right to vote as long as they could continue to secure their interests—yet the legislature still stalled.

The Taíno women

Two of the most notable women, who bore arms against the United States, were Blanca Canales and Lolita Lebrón. The arrest of Carmen María Pérez Gonzalez, Olga Viscal Garriga, and Ruth Mary Reynolds; three women involved with the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who were arrested because of violations to the Ley de la Mordaza . The law was later repealed as it was considered unconstitutional. Chief Warrant Officer Rose Franco, was the first Puerto Rican woman to become a Warrant Officer in the United States Marine Corps. With the outbreak of the Korean War, Franco surprised her family by announcing that she was leaving college to join the United States Marine Corps. In 1965, Franco was named Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Henry Nitze by the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Puerto Rican women in the U.S. military

The Spanish colonists, feared the loss of their Taino labor force due to the protests of Friar Bartolomé de las Casas at the council of Burgos at the Spanish Court. The Friar was outraged at the Spanish treatment of the Taíno and was able to secure their rights and freedom. They complained that they needed manpower to work in the mines, the fortifications and the thriving sugar industry. As an alternative, the Friar, suggested the importation and use of black slaves from Africa. In 1517, the Spanish Crown permitted its subjects to import twelve slaves each, thereby beginning the slave trade in their colonies.